Diet medication and beta-glucanase affect ileal digesta soluble beta-glucan molecular weight, carbohydrate fermentation, and performance of coccidiosis vaccinated broiler chickens given wheat-based diets.

Exogenous enzymes as alternatives to feed antibiotics in poultry has become an emerging research area with the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The objective was to evaluate the effects of diet medication (antibiotics) and ß-glucanase (BGase) on digesta soluble ß-glucan depolymerization, carbohydrate fermentation, and performance of coccidiosis-vaccinated broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. A total of 1,782 broilers were raised on litter floor pens, and each treatment was assigned to 1 pen in each of the 9 rooms. The 3 dietary treatments were based on wheat as the sole grain (control, control + medication and control + 0.1% BGase), and the birds were fed the respective treatments ad libitum from 0 to 33 d. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and analyzed as a one-way ANOVA. Beta-glucanase reduced the peak molecular weight, weight average molecular weight (Mw) and maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% ß-glucan molecules (MW-10%) in ileal digesta at d 11 and 33, whereas diet medication reduced Mw and MW-10% at d 33 compared to the control (P < 0.01). Beta-glucanase and medication reduced the ileal viscosity at d 11 compared to the control (P = 0.010). Ileal propionic acid concentration at d 11 and caecal total SCFA, acetic, and butyric acid concentrations at d 33 were lower in the BGase-supplemented diet than in the control (P < 0.05). The BGase-added diet had higher duodenal pH compared to the control at d 33 (P = 0.026). The effect of medication on carbohydrate fermentation was minimal. Diet medication increased weight gain after d 11, whereas BGase increased the gain for the total trial period compared to the control (P < 0.001). Feed intake was not affected by the dietary treatment. Medication and BGase improved feed efficiency after d 11 compared to the control (P < 0.001). The response to diet medication was larger than BGase, considering weight gain and feed efficiency after d 11 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, diet medication and BGase depolymerized high molecular weight ileal soluble ß-glucan and increased overall bird performance. Dietary BGase may benefit bird health in broilers fed wheat-based diets without medication.

Effects of diet hulless barley and beta-glucanase levels on ileal digesta soluble beta-glucan molecular weight and carbohydrate fermentation in laying hens.

Exogenous ß-glucanase (BGase) improves nutrient digestibility and production performance in laying hens fed barley-based diets, but the effect of enzyme and the dosage on ß-glucan depolymerization and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract is poorly understood. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of hulless barley (HB) and BGase levels on digestive tract ß-glucan depolymerization and fermentation in laying hens. A total of 108 Lohman-LSL Lite hens were housed in cages and fed 2 levels of HB (CDC Fibar; 0 and 73%) by substituting wheat in the diet and graded levels of BGase (Econase GT 200 P from ABVista; 0, 0.01 and 0.1% - 0, 20,000, and 200,000 BU/kg) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Birds were fed experimental diets for 8 weeks, starting at 35 wk of age. Digestive tract samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Beta-glucan peak molecular weight was lower with the 0.1 compared to both 0 and 0.01% BGase levels, whereas weight average molecular weight was lower with the 0.1 compared to 0% BGase for 73% HB. The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% ß-glucan molecules decreased with the increasing BGase. Overall, ß-glucan molecular weight in the ileum was higher when the birds were given 73 in comparison to 0% HB diets. Total and major short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the ileum were lower with 0.1 and 0.01 (except propionic acid) compared to 0% BGase in the birds fed 73% HB, but not 0% HB. Interactions between the main effects were found for the cecal acetic and isobutyric acids. In conclusion, exogenous BGase depolymerized high molecular weight ß-glucan in HB and wheat. The effects of HB and BGase on carbohydrate fermentation were not apparent, although it appears ileal SCFA concentrations were lower with increasing levels of BGase.

Hulless barley and ß-glucanase affect ileal digesta soluble beta-glucan molecular weight and digestive tract characteristics of coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers.

Exogenous ß-glucanase (BGase) in barley-based feed has been shown to reduce digesta viscosity in chickens, and thereby improve performance. Less well studied is the potential for BGase to convert barley ß-glucan into low molecular weight carbohydrates, which might influence digestive tract function and enteric disease. Coccidiosis-vaccinated broiler chickens were fed graded levels of hulless barley (HB) and BGase to determine their effects on ß-glucan depolymerization and digestive tract characteristics. Broilers were fed high ß-glucan HB (0%, 30% and 60% replacing wheat) and BGase (0%, 0.01% and 0.1%) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. A total of 5,346 broilers were raised in litter floor pens and vaccinated for coccidiosis on d 5. Each treatment was assigned to 1 pen in each of 9 rooms. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. At both 11 and 33 d of broiler ages, peak molecular weight of ß-glucan in ileal digesta decreased with increasing BGase for 30% and 60% HB. The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% ß-glucan molecules (MW-10%) decreased with BGase at both ages for 30% and 60% HB; for birds fed 0% HB, only 0.1% BGase decreased MW-10%. The 0.1% BGase increased caecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) compared to the 0.01% BGase at d 11 only for the 60% HB. Ileal pH increased with increasing HB and BGase at d 11 and 33. Caecal pH was lower for 0.1% BGase than 0% BGase for 60% HB at d 11. Relative mRNA expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in the ileum increased with 0.1% BGase at d 11 and 33, respectively, whereas expression of ileal mucin 2 (MUC2) decreased with 0.1% BGase at d 33. In the caeca, interactions between HB and BGase were significant for monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and mucin 5AC (MUC5 AC) on d 11, but no treatment effects were found at d 33. In conclusion, BGase depolymerized high molecular weight ß-glucan in HB in a dose-dependent manner. Hulless barley and BGase did not increase SCFA concentrations (except for 60% HB with 0.1% BGase at d 11) and caused minor effects on digestive tract histomorphological measurements and relative mRNA gene expression.

Effects of exogenous ß-glucanase on ileal digesta soluble ß-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of coccidiosis vaccinated broiler chickens fed hulless barley-based diets with and without medication.

INTRODUCTION: Limited use of medication in poultry feed led to the investigation of exogenous enzymes as antibiotic alternatives for controlling enteric disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet ß-glucanase (BGase) and medication on ß-glucan depolymerization, digestive tract characteristics, and growth performance of broilers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Broilers were fed hulless barley (HB) based diets with BGase (Econase GT 200P from AB Vista; 0 and 0.1%) and medication (Bacitracin and Salinomycin Na; with and without) arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial. In Experiment 1, 160 broilers were housed in cages from d 0 to 28. Each treatment was assigned to 10 cages. In Experiment 2, broilers (2376) were housed in floor pens and vaccinated for coccidiosis on d 5. Each treatment was assigned to one floor pen in each of nine rooms. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, the soluble ß-glucan weighted average molecular weight (Mw) in the ileal digesta was lower with medication in the 0% BGase treatments. Peak molecular weight (Mp) and Mw were lower with BGase regardless of medication. The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% ß-glucan (MW-10%) was lower with BGase addition. In Experiment 2, Mp was lower with medication in 0% BGase treatments. Beta-glucanase resulted in lower Mp regardless of medication, and the degree of response was lower with medication. The MW-10% was lower with BGase despite antibiotic addition. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were higher with medication regardless of BGase use through-out the trial (except d 11-22 feed efficiency). Beta-glucanase resulted in higher body weight gain after d 11 and worsened and improved feed efficiency before and after d 11, respectively, in unmedicated treatments. CONCLUSION: BGase and medication caused the depolymerization of soluble ileal ß-glucan. Beta-glucanase acted as a partial replacement for diet medication by increasing growth performance in coccidiosis vaccinated broilers.

Effects of hulless barley and exogenous beta-glucanase levels on ileal digesta soluble beta-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of broiler chickens.

The reduced use of antibiotics in poultry feed has led to the investigation of alternatives to antibiotics, and one such substitution is fermentable carbohydrates. Exogenous ß-glucanase (BGase) is commonly used in poultry fed barley-based diets to reduce digesta viscosity. The effects of hulless barley (HB) and BGase levels on ileal digesta soluble ß-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of broiler chickens were determined. A total of 360 day-old broilers were housed in battery cages (4 birds per cage) and fed graded levels of high ß-glucan HB (CDC Fibar; 0, 30, and 60% replacing wheat) and BGase (Econase GT 200 P; 0, 0.01, and 0.1%) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Beta-glucan peak molecular weight in the ileal digesta was lower with 30 and 60 than 0% HB, whereas the peak decreased with increasing BGase. The weight average molecular weight was lower at 0.1 than 0% BGase in wheat diets, whereas in HB diets, it was lower at 0.01 and 0.1 than 0% BGase. The maximum molecular weight was lower with 0.01 and 0.1 than 0% BGase regardless of the HB level. The maximum molecular weight was lower with HB than wheat at 0 or 0.01% BGase. Overall, empty weights and lengths of digestive tract sections increased with increasing HB, but there was no BGase effect. Hulless barley decreased the duodenum and jejunum contents, whereas increasing the gizzard (diets with BGase), ileum, and colon contents. The jejunum and small intestine contents decreased with increasing BGase. Ileal and colon pH increased with increasing HB, but there was no BGase effect. Treatment effects were minor on short-chain fatty acids levels and performance. In conclusion, exogenous BGase depolymerized the ileal digesta soluble ß-glucan in broiler chickens in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, feed efficiency was impaired by increasing HB levels. However, HB and BGase did not affect carbohydrate fermentation in the ileum and ceca, although BGase decreased ileal viscosity and improved feed efficiency at the 0.1% dietary level.

In vitro assessment of oat ß-glucans nutritional properties: An inter-laboratory methodology evaluation.

The purpose of this inter-laboratory study was to test the repeatability and reproducibility of an in vitro method aimed at analyzing the physicochemical properties under physiological conditions of ß-glucans from foods. After evaluating ß-glucans molar mass and quantification methods using five ß-glucan controls, four laboratories ran six oat-based products through in vitro digestion, measured ß-glucans solubility and viscosity and molar mass of solubilized ß-glucans. The determination of the molar mass of ß-glucan controls, their viscosity in solution and ß-glucans content in food samples exhibited relative standard reproducibility of 20.9-40.9%, 10.2-40.9% and 2.3-14.8%, respectively. After in vitro digestion, relative standard reproducibility ranged 12.1-60.0%, 12.2-64.3% and 9.7-36.3% for molar mass of extracted ß-glucans, their viscosity and their solubility, respectively. Although the characterization methods were satisfactory within the limits of current technology, the in vitro extraction contributed significantly to the uncertainty of final characterization.

Barley ß-glucan increases fecal bile acid excretion and short chain fatty acid levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals.

The cholesterol-lowering effect of barley ß-glucan has been proposed to be the result of a pleiotropic effect, which involves several biological mechanisms such as gut fermentation, inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption and increased bile acid excretion and its synthesis. However, one of the recent studies from our laboratory indicated that increased bile acid excretion and subsequent increase in its synthesis, but not the inhibition of cholesterol absorption or synthesis might be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of barley ß-glucan. Accordingly, the primary objective of the present study was to investigate the concentration of bile acids (BA), neutral sterols (NS) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) excreted through the feces by mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects who consumed diets containing barley ß-glucan with varying molecular weights (MW) and concentrations. In a controlled, four phase, crossover trial, 30 mildly hypercholesterolemic but otherwise healthy subjects were randomly assigned to receive breakfast containing 3 g high MW (HMW), 5 g low MW (LMW), 3 g LMW barley ß-glucan or a control diet for 5 weeks. The concentrations of BA, NS and SCFA in the feces were measured at the end of each treatment phase. Compared to the other treatment groups, 3 g day-1 HMW barley ß-glucan consumption resulted in increased lithocholic acid (LCA) excretion (P < 0.001) but not LMW ß-glucan, even at the high dose of 5 g day-1. Increased fermentability of fibre was also evident from a significant increase in fecal total SCFA concentrations in response to the 3 g HMW ß-glucan diet compared to the 3 g LMW barley ß-glucan and control diet (P = 0.0015). In summary, the current results validate our previous report on the role of fecal bile acid excretion in cholesterol lowering through the consumption of barley ß-glucan. In addition, increased SCFA concentrations indicate that an increase in ß-glucan molecular weight promotes hindgut fermentation, which might also be playing a role in attenuating cholesterol levels.

Barley ß-glucan reduces blood cholesterol levels via interrupting bile acid metabolism.

Underlying mechanisms responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of ß-glucan have been proposed, yet have not been fully demonstrated. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the consumption of barley ß-glucan lowers cholesterol by affecting the cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis or bile acid synthesis. In addition, this study was aimed to assess whether the underlying mechanisms are related to cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) SNP rs3808607 as proposed by us earlier. In a controlled, randomised, cross-over study, participants with mild hypercholesterolaemia (n 30) were randomly assigned to receive breakfast containing 3 g high-molecular weight (HMW), 5 g low-molecular weight (LMW), 3 g LMW barley ß-glucan or a control diet, each for 5 weeks. Cholesterol absorption was determined by assessing the enrichment of circulating 13C-cholesterol over 96 h following oral administration; fractional rate of synthesis for cholesterol was assessed by measuring the incorporation rate of 2H derived from deuterium oxide within the body water pool into the erythrocyte cholesterol pool over 24 h; bile acid synthesis was determined by measuring serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations. Consumption of 3 g HMW ß-glucan decreased total cholesterol (TC) levels (P=0·029), but did not affect cholesterol absorption (P=0·25) or cholesterol synthesis (P=0·14). Increased bile acid synthesis after consumption of 3 g HMW ß-glucan was observed in all participants (P=0·049), and more pronounced in individuals carrying homozygous G of rs3808607 (P=0·033). In addition, a linear relationship between log (viscosity) of ß-glucan and serum 7α-HC concentration was observed in homozygous G allele carriers. Results indicate that increased bile acid synthesis rather than inhibition of cholesterol absorption or synthesis may be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of barley ß-glucan. The pronounced TC reduction in G allele carriers of rs3808607 observed in the previous study may be due to enhanced bile acid synthesis in response to high-viscosity ß-glucan consumption in those individuals.

High-Molecular-Weight ß-Glucan Decreases Serum Cholesterol Differentially Based on the CYP7A1 rs3808607 Polymorphism in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Adults.

BACKGROUND: ß-Glucan, a soluble fiber with viscous property, has a documented cholesterol-lowering effect. The molecular weight (MW) of ß-glucan, which contributes to viscosity, and an individual's genotype might influence the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of ß-glucan. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine whether the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of barley ß-glucan varied as a function of MW and the daily dose consumed. Our second aim was to determine whether any gene-diet interactions are associated with the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of ß-glucan. METHODS: In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 30 mildly hypercholesterolemic adults [12 men and 18 women, aged 27-78 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 20-40; total cholesterol (TC): 5.0-8.0 mmol/L; LDL cholesterol: 2.7-5.0 mmol/L] were randomly assigned to receive a breakfast that contained either barley ß-glucan at 3 g high MW (HMW)/d, 5 g low MW (LMW)/d, or 3 g LMW/d or a control diet, each for 5 wk. The washout period between the phases was 4 wk. Fasting blood samples were collected at the start and end of each phase for blood lipid analysis and genotyping. RESULTS: Consumption of 3 g HMW ß-glucan/d lowered TC by -0.12 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.24, -0.006 mmol/L) compared with the control diet (P= 0.0046), but the LMW ß-glucan, at either 3 g/d or 5 g/d, did not change serum cholesterol concentrations. This effect of HMW ß-glucan was associated with gene-diet interaction, whereby individuals with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3808607-G allele (GG or GT) of the cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 gene (CYP7A1) had greater responses to 3 g HMW ß-glucan/d in lowering TC than TT carriers (P= 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS: The HMW ß-glucan rather than LMW ß-glucan reduced circulating TC effectively in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. The cholesterol-lowering effect of ß-glucan may also be determined by the genetic characteristics of an individual. These data show that individuals carrying theCYP7A1SNP rs3808607-G allele are more responsive to the cholesterol-lowering effect of ß-glucan with HMW than TT carriers. This trial was registered atclinicaltrials.govasNCT01408719.

High Molecular Weight Barley ß-Glucan Alters Gut Microbiota Toward Reduced Cardiovascular Disease Risk.

The physiological cholesterol-lowering benefits of ß-glucan have been well documented, however, whether modulation of gut microbiota by ß-glucan is associated with these physiological effects remains unknown. The objectives of this study were therefore to determine the impact of ß-glucan on the composition of gut microbiota in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals and to identify if the altered microbiota are associated with bioactivity of ß-glucan in improving risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Using a randomized, controlled crossover study design, individuals received for 5-week either a treatment breakfast containing 3 g high molecular weight (HMW), 3 g low molecular weight (LMW), 5 g LMW barley ß-glucan, or wheat and rice. The American Heart Association (AHA) diet served as the background diet for all treatment groups. Phases were separated by 4-week washout periods. Fecal samples were collected at the end of each intervention phase and subjected to Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Results revealed that at the phylum level, supplementation of 3 g/d HMW ß-glucan increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes abundances compared to control (P < 0.001). At the genus level, consumption of 3 g/d HMW ß-glucan increased Bacteroides (P < 0.003), tended to increase Prevotella (P < 0.1) but decreased Dorea (P < 0.1), whereas diets containing 5 g LMW ß-glucan and 3 g LMW ß-glucan failed to alter the gut microbiota composition. Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Dorea composition correlated (P < 0.05) with shifts of CVD risk factors, including body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, as well as triglyceride levels. Our data suggest that consumption of HMW ß-glucan favorably alters the composition of gut microbiota and this altered microbiota profile associates with a reduction of CVD risk markers. Together, our study suggests that ß-glucan induced shifts in gut microbiota in a MW-dependent manner and that might be one of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the physiological benefits of ß-glucan.

Issues surrounding health claims for barley.

Government-approved health claims support dietary intervention as a safe and practical approach to improving consumer health and provide industry with regulatory guidelines for food product labels. Claims already allowed in the United States, United Kingdom, Sweden, and The Netherlands for reducing cholesterol through consumption of oat or barley soluble fiber provide a basis for review, but each country may have different criteria for assessing clinical evidence for a physiological effect. For example, the FDA-approved barley health claim was based on a petition that included 39 animal model studies and 11 human clinical trials. Since then, more studies have been published, but with few exceptions, clinical data continue to demonstrate that the consumption of barley products is effective for lowering total and LDL cholesterol. More research is needed to fully understand the mechanism of cholesterol reduction and the role of beta-glucan molecular weight, viscosity, and solubility. In an assessment of the physiological efficacy of a dietary intervention, consideration should also be given to the potential impact of physical and thermal food-processing treatments and genotypic variation in the barley source. New barley cultivars have been generated specifically for food use, possessing increased beta-glucan, desirable starch composition profiles, and improved milling/processing traits. These advances in barley production, coupled with the establishment of a government-regulated health claim for barley beta-glucan, will stimulate new processing opportunities for barley foods and provide consumers with reliable, healthy food choices.